ƹI(y)I(y)Փķ_I(y)Փ ĺ(jin)飺
ƹI(y)I(y)Փķ_I(y)Փ[ժҪ]I(y)ָڱض(hu)(jng)(j)l½(jng)^(gu)(hu)(sh)`(gu)ɵIJwɆTѭһJ(rn)R(sh)r(ji)ֵ^I(y)ОҎ(gu)ԭtĿ(schein,1984)һ(g)I(y)һ(g)չ_(ki)M(jn)И(gu)ɵԃr(ji)ֵĵһkʽI(y)(hu)c
ƹI(y)I(y)Փķ_I(y)Փ ă(ni)ݣ
ƹI(y)I(y)Փ_I(y)Փ
[ժҪ]
I(y)ָڱض(hu)(jng)(j)l½(jng)^(gu)(hu)(sh)`(gu)ɵIJwɆTѭһJ(rn)R(sh)r(ji)ֵ^I(y)ОҎ(gu)ԭtĿ(schein,1984)һ(g)I(y)һ(g)չ_(ki)M(jn)И(gu)ɵԃr(ji)ֵĵһkʽI(y)(hu)ck팍(sh)`ཻڵĮa(chn)ƷI(y)(du)I(y)ĽKOЧʹI(y)J(rn)R(sh)˵͘I(y)(w)ݻĿ^Ҏ(gu)ɸwϵ]I(y)չ_(ki)M(jn)挦(du)Ć(wn)}ĶY(ji)I(y)L(zhng)r(sh)gڡ(jin)ԵvI(y)I(y)ڿ]ôɞһ(g)ϵꡢôȡþؕr(sh)挦(du)n}
[P(gun)I~]I(y);k;(jng)(j)Ч;I(y)^m(x)չ_(ki)
kAθI(y)d(li)r(sh)ڇ(gu)(ni)ܶI(y)ҺՓȻ(du)I(y)J(rn)ϵĺo(w)ʹk팦(du)I(y)չ_(ki)ĻSЧĶ(do)ºܶI(y)挦(du)o(w)Y(ji)^m(x)չ_(ki)ĔM҇(gu)Q(mo)װ֮(jng)(j)ĹÆ(wn)}ՄһЩ^c(din)ĔMI(y)J(rn)R(sh)һϵІ(wn)}ՄһЩ^c(din)
һ _жcJ(rn)R(sh)I(y)
1. ——Vxָ(hu)ǰʷ(sh)`M(jn)l(f)|(zh)ؔ(ci)cؔ(ci)ĿMxָ(hu)J(rn)R(sh)ΑB(ti)Լc֮m(yng)ԭtͰřC(j)(gu)һNǰʷF(xin)ÿ(g)(hu)c֮m(yng)(hu)|(zh)a(chn)չ_(ki)չ_(ki)J(rn)R(sh)ΑB(ti)DZض(hu)κͽ(jng)(j)ķӳЧ(hu)c(jng)(j)
2. I(y)——³a(chn)\(yn)I(yng)Ի(dng)Ī(d)Ľ(jng)(j)λ
3.I(y)——Q˾҇(gu)Еr(sh)QI(y)һָI(y)L(zhng)r(sh)g(gu)ɵһؓ(f)Ӄr(ji)ֵ^L(fng)(x)TОҎ(gu)ĿQI(y)\(yn)I(yng)kM(jn)аl(f)ľбI(y)ɫľؔ(ci)Ŀ(du)I(y)ɆTиܰѺܶ˵dȤDԼɴ˰l(f)Оһ(li)I(y)L(zhng)r(sh)gO(sh)ķӳ(ni)ݴw֞飺ل(wDŽ);ڳa(chn)(wkˆT);\(yn)I(yng)(wǛQߌ)
4. I(y)J(rn)R(sh)
I(y)I(y)k֮ߵһԡ˂P(gun)I(y)kI(y)J(rn)R(sh)һ(g)ǰʷչ_(ki)M(jn)Խ(jng)(j)ĸ(jng)ِ⡢^ĸ׃?yu)鲼ȻI(y)I(y)kΨԽf(shu)Խf(shu)չ_(ki)Įa(chn)Ʒ
f(shu)(du)“I(y)”f(shu)ı;SԺͲ_]I(y)ǿ]δ(li)չ_(ki)ôY(ji)I(y)ѭh(hun)ʹxԼch(hun)Ի(dng)(jng)^(gu)]I(y)^m(x)ҕI(y)ڵĭh(hun)еYԴ(du)ļٶxõ˼SО鷽ڿ^h(hun)l(f)׃֮ǰ(yng){(dio)(du)P(gun)I(y)(w)ЄeٶصxD(zhun)Q˼SО鷽ʹI(y)m(yng)׃ĭh(hun)Y(ji)I(y)^m(x)չ_(ki)
I(y)ɫ
I(y)һ㶼¹ԣ
1. һ
I(y)l(f)ڲͬI(y)ÿ(g)I(y)һՇI(y)\(yn)I(yng)ԼI(y)(gu)ɵăr(ji)ֵ^(gu)ɵI(y)ҲǸͬɫ
2. D
I(y)rDoo@I(y)KO߷(w)Ωeo(w)x@?yn)飬һI(y)cԓI(y)Ӌ(j)չ_(ki)ͬ;I(y)Ę(gu)c(sh)`wԓI(y)ЛQߵ(do)ԶҊ(jin)ռкܸߵĵλcI(y)ӯԳ̶ϢϢP(gun)I(y)չ_(ki)I(y)o(w)֮vʹ(li)ĸɔ_ӰҲ](mi)̫̈(chng)
3.y
I(y)ǞԓI(y)(ni)ɆTJ(rn)ͬIJÁ(li)³ɆTһ׃r(ji)ֵwϵ(һJ(rn)R(sh)r(ji)ֵ^I(y)ОҎ(gu)ԭt) I(y)(yu)I(y)ܱI(y)ɆTJ(rn)ͬһ׃r(ji)ֵwϵܘOĴM(jn)I(y)չ_(ki)ضܱI(y)ɆTJ(rn)ͬҲضmI(y)(du)I(y)δM(jn)Ч
4.^(q)
(hu)ÿһ(g)ᘌ(du)İl(f)ߺͱʩʹ÷ָԓN“^(q)”ԷN岻ͬ綨I(y)tԼČָǷNl(f)I(y)cI(y)棬mȻc(hu)ЏV(lin)ϵHӋ(j)ʹI(y)@(g)(dng)^(q)gI(y)һЃ(ni)ݶx_(ki)I(y)@(g)w
F(xin)I(y)չ_(ki)ִʹ̈(chng)l(f)ˬF(xin)I(y)еһЩ
1.
ҪI(y)ÿһλҪ˽I(y)ڄҵ̈(chng)(jng)ِ“˟o(w)У҃(yu)˃(yu)D(zhun)”“Ft׃׃tͨ
”ΑҎ(gu)ĔMI(y)L(zhng)r(sh)gչ_(ki)(zhn)̈(chng)λȠI(yng)NӋ(j)YԴҎ(gu)Ԕ(x)ʩеÿһ(g)h(hun)(ji)жҪJ(rn)R(sh)Mxב(yng)׃
2.
F(xin)I(y)(jng)ِʽĐԸ(jng)ِD(zhun)ȸ(jng)ِօf(xi)ʽ“(jng)”(lin)ϵҪI(y)횲ཻڶԪ@NڶԪĻͬļʹI(y)ͻƿ̈(chng)g(hu)Y(ji)(gu)Y(ji)(yu)(sh)a(b)YԴؽM“pA”“A”
3. ̓M
̓MҪ֮һI(y)ĸNYԴУo(w)ؔ(ci)ռķ~Խ(li)Խؔ(ci)̓MʹI(y)\(yn)зC`f(xi)ͬٷ(yng)ЧݔɫI(y)(li)ܶؔ(ci)
I(y)Ч
1.`Ч
I(y)I(y)_ķ(du)ЩI(y)L(zhng)h(yun)չ_(ki)IJԓОl(f)]һN“ܛ`”ЧI(y)o“”`ЧM(jn)X(ju)Sԡ(dng)Ժ`ʹI(y)xͷM(jn)؟(z)θкʹС 1995lg()˾֮փ(ni)I(y)̼f(xi)o(w)F(xin)ɵķʽڳa(chn)\(yn)I(yng)M(jn)аl(f)˺ܶ(wn)}
˾փHԼĘI(y)(w)MҎ(gu)ԭto(du)a(chn)֧ԮI(y)ȱS(dng)J(rn)R(sh)(du)\(yn)I(yng)a(chn)Ʒ|(zh)kȱĸᘌ(du)@Nr˾չ_(ki)“a(chn)ڰ”supera(dng)@һ(dng)Y(ji)˾kˮƽa(chn)Чa(chn)ƷƷ|(zh)M(jn)˽ܳؕI(xin)
2. (do)Ч
I(y)wһăr(ji)ֵ^(du)wһN(ni)ڵ̖(ho)(do)wт(g)˵ߺͱؓ(f)˩I(y)ͬһߺһһķMo(w)aСZɷ˾1989ꡫ1999B10걣I(y)̈(chng)ռʵһЧ(ni)ԭI(y)־õԓF(tun)ʩ“^YҪ”ķʽԞ^ǰl(f)a(chn)(rn)ԴȪ;̈(chng)ĸ׃չ_(ki)ԓI(y)\(yn)I(yng)(dng)н؞ҕΣC(j)n“ĩ^”˞鱾“c˲^”M(fi)J(rn)ɞߵ“̈(chng)c(jng)ِ”^
3.Ą(l)Ч
Ą(l)һN͠B(ti)I(y)(gu)ɵI(y)(ni)Շ̓r(ji)ֵ(do)Ą(l)ЧĻS(dng)ԺͰl(f){(dio)cl(f)(li)˂ĝǻTl(f)(li)ʹIJܵõְl(f)]M(jn)ֺkܺ\(yn)I(yng) I(y)(qing)Ęsu(y)к؟(z)θX(ju)ؾSo(h)I(y)u(y)Ą(l)ӱM؞I(y)I(y)
4. Ч
I(y)I(y)ճτooճ(lin)һʹDCһ¡I(y)(du)ĸI(y)ĵI(y)ĵx_ͿI(y)ͽ^(sh)һ(li)һ(g)F(tun)wc(g)pAڴ˸I(y)ͿԘ(gu)ɏ(qing)ѵtԒI(y)Ę(gu)ֻһN(mng)
I(y)չ_(ki)cʩ
I(y)Ҏ(gu)չ_(ki)I(y)O(sh)ǰI(y)O(sh)ɏĂ(g)Aչ_(ki)ʩ
һAΣAΣřC(j)(gu)———䌍(sh)
(1)˾I(y)ίT(hu),ɹ˾һίT(hu)
(2)O(sh)˾I(y)I(y)СM,ֳܲ{(dio)ˆTMI(y)ӡ
(3)ƸI(y)ҽMo(do)˾I(y)̡
ڶAΣA(y)———˼S䌍(sh)
(1)ʩI(y)ԭ
(2)ʩI(y)IJ
(3)ʩI(y)ּD
AΣʩA
(1)Ԕ(x)ʩ\ķʽBI(y)͌W(xu)(x)ͰŵP(gun)֪R(sh)չ_(ki)˾չ_(ki)wc(g)ǰ;Ĵu(png)Փ
(2)I(y)͌W(xu)(x)ͰŌ(do)ߡ
(3)I(y)̺͌W(xu)(x)ͰŌ(do)ķʩI(y)Ӵε˼SͨY(ji)(li)
AΣzʩAκͲ©
(1)MI(y)̵ĽںL(zhng)r(sh)g˾ؔ(ci)|(zh)(jng)ِȫI(y)(jng)ِI(y)I(y)u(y)
(2)zʩI(y)(do)ĵȴЧY(ji)r
I(y)I(y)О(li)˼·(lin)ϵ(yu)Y(ji)(gu)סC(j)ӭ(zhn)
(3)(sh)փ(c)ò;
(4)I(y)(j)I(y)Ԕ(x)rMһAεI(y)(xing)ĿcM(jn)չ;(du)ԃһвM(jn)y(tng)Ӌ(j);(du)I(y)I(yng)\(yn)(sh)B(ti)cF(xin)Cu(png)
҇(gu)I(y)չ_(ki)дڵĆ(wn)}c^c(din)
(1) ҇(gu)I(y)еĆ(wn)}
1.ҕI(y)ķʽI(y)ă(ni)
҇(gu)I(y)O(sh)M(jn)ܳĆ(wn)}äĿI(y)ķʽI(y)ă(ni)(j)I(y)(i)ü.ɳֵČӴΣI(y)ĵǵӼٶǃr(ji)ֵ棬ٴОҎ(gu)О鷽ӵIJI(y)ĸNF(xin)N̖(ho)Ӣۡ(dng)ɴ˿Ҋ(jin)I(y)(dng)I(y)ciO(sh)Ӌ(j)I(y)ӵıF(xin)
2.I(y)ҕy(tng)I(y)kеֱ\(yn)
@N^c(din)ԞI(y)(li)kI(y)ЩI(y)Ԟ鑪(yng)ԓҌW(xu)f(shu)(li)kI(y)߀ЩI(y)Ԟ鑪(yng)ԓӌW(xu)f(shu)(li)kI(y)҇(gu)Ăy(tng)˼SгMc˼q^ҷԴ(wn)}P(gun)IôÂy(tng)(li)ծ(dng)˵˼(li)ݸ׃̈(chng)(li){(dio)(du)҇(gu)I(y)Ą(l)@ҵǡ(dng)?sh)c(din)Ҝ(zhn)SԔ(x)(lin)ϵҪ^(q)ւy(tng)еĻSغOܺ(jin)Զ֮I(y)nj(du)(hu)pķՇr(ji)ֵȥkI(y)I(y)(hu)l(f)r(ji)ֵ
3.I(y)ͬI(y)ʹI(y)ÓxI(y)k
ЩI(y)ԞI(y)Ҫ̮(hu)I(y)I(y)ʥ(jng)cI(y)k](mi)ж(lin)ϵ@N˽ǺƬI(y)\(yn)I(yng)I(y)ăr(ji)ֵ^؞I(y)\(yn)I(yng)(dng)I(y)kÿһ(g)h(hun)(ji)(g)M(jn)еģcI(y)h(hun)׃m(yng)ÓxI(y)k
(2)ʩM(jn)еһЩҪ
1. I(y)O(sh)(yng)c(hu)ăɂ(g)O(sh)m(yng)Óx(sh)Hy(bio)Z(y) I(y)Ӌ(j)(hu)h(hun)֮,(jng)(j)wƸĸwƸĸĻSӰκI(y)\(yn)I(yng)չ_(ki)CwϵܳԽh(hun)(d)Ӌ(j)I(y)ֻڪ(d)oİ_(ti)@F(xin)ԼIJA
2. I(y)O(sh)ҪעȺVӣQٔ(sh)˵ I(y)I(y)һr(ji)ֵ^Ę(gu)c(do)µһО飬Чwڌ(sh)`һl(f)(li)wձ@(g)wĚgӭͽӼ{
3. .סI(y)̎Ç(gu)I(y)(lin)ϵκΨ|(zh)̼ăAȱc(din) I(y)cI(y)_r(ji)ֵ^Ę(gu)f(shu)ʽ_(do)QǺ(jin)f(shu)̶Ч˼Sˮƽr(ji)ֵ^(g)|(zh)(jng)v醚v(hu)Ӱ푵IJͬ@ČӴβ(do)ͬӴεăr(ji)ֵ^I(y)(ni)^
4. Ҫ_̎I(y)c(hu)(lin)ϵI(y)ڿ̮(hu)ԼI(y)_I(y)\(yn)I(yng)r(sh)ضҪ(hu)׃څ(sh)ڮa(chn)Ʒ߶λI(y)\(yn)I(yng)®a(chn)Ʒӑc_(ki)l(f)(yng){(dio)ʹa(chn)Ʒ\(yn)I(yng)(hu)֮gl(f)Ccݣڴ˸I(y)(hu)oľͲֻһNa(chn)ƷһN
5. I(y)İʩP(gun)IڰI(lng)(do)ʩM(jn)УҪc(din)ӑԔ(x)ȥؕr(sh)ؙz鶽١F(xin)I(y)(dng)ɹӲǰӋ(j)(ҪԔ(x))вӋ(j)M(jn)л(dng)ҪǶ(dng)ȫM(jn)ڌ(sh)`вY(ji)M(jn)Ҳஔ(dng)I(y)Ч@(wn)}Л](mi)ӑͲP(gun)IǡǡI(lng)(do)@I(y)ľֻǷӑͲ˽Y(ji)](mi)ġȥץ䌍(sh)](mi)ץץo
Փ
CI(y)һN(qing)ѵЩ|(zh)YԴҲS(hu)ɺΩϢI(y)һNo(w)εija(chn)һNڵija(chn)o(w)εؔ(ci)ؔ(ci)I(y)(hu)OĴM(jn)I(y)չ_(ki)ֻҪI(y)I(y)ĻCa(b)M(jn)ʹͬ\(yn)УO(sh)һ׃(yu)I(y)(li)ض(hu)(du)I(y)L(zhng)h(yun)չ_(ki)SġɹЧ
īI(xin)
1. Y (dng)I(y)(do)Փ ϳ 2000
2. ꐴ I(y)k AW(xu)磬2014.5
3. [Ҏ(gu)أI(y)еČ(sh)ڌ(du)֡A2014
4. cI(y)k2014
5. ?jin)ƼtI(y)҇(gu)r(sh)(jng)(j)磬2014
ƹI(y)I(y)Փķ_I(y)Փ P(gun)I~I(y)ՓI(y)I(y)Փķ
ƹI(y)I(y)Փķ_I(y)Փ(li)ԴW(wng)j(lu)
؟(z)ăHތW(xu)(x)a(chn)(qun)(wn)}Ո(qng)(lin)ϵ҂r(sh)h
(li)ԴW(wng)j(lu) ؟(z)ăHތW(xu)(x)a(chn)(qun)(wn)}Ո(qng)(lin)ϵ҂r(sh)h